A. Justifikasi Pemungutan Pajak
1. Teori Pemungutan Pajak
a) Teori Asuransi
Negara melindungi keselamatan jiwa, harta benda, dan hak-hak rakyatnya. Oleh karena itu rakyat harus membayar pajak yang diibaratkan sebagai suatu premi asuransi karena memperoleh jaminan perlindungan tersebut.
b) Teori Kepentingan
Pembagian beban pajak kepada rakyat didasarkan pada kepentingan (misalnya perlindungan) masing-masing orang. Semakin besar kepentingan seseorang terhadap Negara, makin tinggi oajak yang harus dibayar.
c) Teori Daya Pikul
Beban oajak untuk seseorang harus sama beratnya, artinya pajak harus dibayar sesuai dengan daya pikul masing – masing orang. Untuk mengukur daya pikul dapat digunakan 2 pendekatan yaitu:
• Unsur obyektif, dengan melihat besarnya penghasilan atau kekayaan yang dimiliki oleh seseorang.
• Unsure subyektif, dengan memperhatikan besarnya kebutuhan materiil yang harus dipenuhi.
d) Teori Bakti
Dasar keadilan pemungutan pajak terletak pada hubungan rakyat dengan negaranya. Sebagai warga Negara yang berbakati, rakyat harus menyadari bahwa pembayaran pajak adalah sebagai suatu kewajiban.
e) Teori Asas Daya Beli
Dasar keadilan terletak pada akibat pemungutan pajak. Maksudnya, memungut pajak berarti menarik daya beli dari rumah tangga masyarakat untuk rumah tangga Negara. Selanjutnya Negara akan menyalurkannya kembali ke masyarakat dalam bentuk pemeliharaan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Dengan demikian kepentingan seluruh masyarakat lebih diutamakan.
2. Asas Pemungutan Pajak
a. Asas domilisi (asa tempat tinggal)
Asas ini menyatakan bahwa Negara berhak mengenakan pajak atas seluruh penghasilan Wajib Pajak yang bertempat tinggal diwilayahnya, baik penghasilan yang berasal dalam negeri maupun penghasilan yang berasal dari luar negeri. Setiap Wajib Pajak yang berdomilisi atau bertempat tinggal diwilayah Indonesia (Wajib Pajak Dalam Negeri) dikenakan pajak atas seluruh penghasilan yang diperolehnya baik dari Indonesia maupun dari luar Indonesia.
b. Asas sumber
Asas ini menyatakan bahwa Negara berhak mengenakan pajak atas penghasilan yang bersumber diwilayahnya tanpa memperhatikan tempat tinggal Wajib pajak. Setiap orang yang memperoleh penghasilan dari Indonesia dikenakan pajak atas penghasilan yang diperolehnya tadi.
c. Asas kebangsaan
Asas ini menyatakan bahwa pengenaan pajak dihubungkan dengan kebangsaan suatu Negara. Misalnya pajak bangsa asing di Indonesia dikenakan atas setiap orang asing yang bukan berkebangsaan Indonesia yang bertempat tinggal di Indonesia.
B. Prinsip Pemungutan Pajak
1. Adam Smith
Menurut Adam Smith dalam bukunya Wealth of Nations dengan ajaran yang terkenal "The Four Maxims", asas pemungutan pajak adalah sebagai berikut.
1. Asas Equality (asas keseimbangan dengan kemampuan atau asas keadilan): pemungutan pajak yang dilakukan oleh negara harus sesuai dengan kemampuan dan penghasilan wajib pajak. Negara tidak boleh bertindak diskriminatif terhadap wajib pajak.
2. Asas Certainty (asas kepastian hukum): semua pungutan pajak harus berdasarkan UU, sehingga bagi yang melanggar akan dapat dikenai sanksi hukum.
3. Asas Convinience of Payment (asas pemungutan pajak yang tepat waktu atau asas kesenangan): pajak harus dipungut pada saat yang tepat bagi wajib pakak (saat yang paling baik), misalnya disaat wajib pajak baru menerima penghasilannya atau disaat wajib pajak menerima hadiah.
4. Asas Effeciency (asas efesien atau asas ekonomis): biaya pemungutan pajak diusahakan sehemat mungkin, jangan sampai terjadi biaya pemungutan pajak lebih besar dari hasil pemungutan pajak.
2. E.R.A. Seligman
Menurut Era Saligman, empat asas atau prinsip pemungutan pajak adalah:
1. Asas/Prinsip fiskal: pajak yang dipungut negara adalah untuk memastikan stabilitas fiskal nasional.
2. Asas/Prinsip ekonomis: pajak dipungut dengan memperhatiakan kekuatan ekonomi rakyat wajib pajak.
3. Asas/Prinsip etika yaitu pungutan pajak diberlakukan secara luwes dan beretika sehingga tidak menyinggung kehormatan dan martabat wajib pajak.
4. Asas/Prinsip administratif: menyangkut masalah administrasi perpajakan.
3. Fritz Neumark
Menurut Fritz Neumark :
1. Revenue Productivity
prinsip ini menyangkut dua hal yakni the principle of adaptability yang dimaksud the principle of adaptability adalah bahwa sistem perpajakan nasional, seharusnya dapat menjamin penerimaan negara untuk membiayai semua pengeluaran. Hal ini tentu saja menjadi cita-cita dan harapan berbagai pemerintah diseluruh dunia. Sekiranya penerimaan yang berasal dari pajak telah dapat memenuhi semua pengeluaran negara, maka negara yang bersangkutan akan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi negara yang sangat maju dan makmur.
2. The Requirement of Continuity
undang-undang perpajakan tidak boleh sering berubah, dan apabila terjadi perubahan, perubahan tersebut haruslah dalam konteks pembaharuan undang-undang perpajakan (tax reform) secara umum dan sistematis
3. The Requirement of Economy
biaya-biaya perhitungan, penagihan dan pengawasan pajak harus pada tingkat serendah-rendahnya dan konsisten dengan tujuan-tujuan pajak yang lain. Biaya-biaya yang diminimalkan tidak hanya meliputi biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan pemerintah (administrative cost), tetapi juga biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh wajib pajak untuk melaksanakan kewajiban dan kepathan perpajakannya (compliance cost).
4. The Requirement of Convenience
Pembayaran pajak harus sedapat mungkin tidak memberatkan wajib pajak. Pemerintah biasanya memperbolehkan pembayaran utang pajak dalam jumlah besar secara angsuran dan memberikan jangka waktu yang cukup untuk penundaan pengembalian SPT.
Persyaratan convenience tercermin pada pelayanan fiskus terhadap wjib pajak seperti pelayanan pendaftaran diri menjadi wajib pajak untuk mendapatkan NPWP, penyuluhan dan pemberian kesempatan untuk melaksanakan hak-hak wajib pajak.
4. Prinsip menurut GBHN
“penggalian dalam pengerahan sumber penerimaan dalam negeri terutama dari pajak ditingkatkan untk pembiayaan bangunan dengan tetap memperhatikan peningkatan kemampuan pembiayaan oleh masyarakat dan dengan meningkatan peran pajak langsung sehingga mampu berfungsi sebagai alat untuk meningkatkan dan memeratakan kesejahteraan rakyat dengan memperhatikan asas keadilan, pemerataan, manfaat dan kemampuan masyarakat melalui peningkatan mutu pelayanan dan kualitas aparat yang tercermin dalam peningkatan kejujuran, tanggung jawab, dan dedikasi serta melalui penyempurnaan sistem administrasi”.
walaupun hakekat GBHN “hanya mengamanatkan” haluan negara sebagai kehendak rakyat dalam gari-garis besarnya, namun apabila diteliti lebih mendalam ternyata dalam GBHN tersebut tercantum prinsip-prinsip perpajakan.
Prinsip-prinsip tersebut antara lain :
1. Peningkatan penerimaan, yang sama dengan prinsip fiscal dan revenue productivity
2. Terkendali, terarah dan efisien, yang sama dengan kaidah efficiency
3. Keadilan, sama dengan equality
4. Kemampuan, sama dengan ability to pay principle
5. Prosedur yang terus disempurnakan, sama dengan ease of compliance
6. Aparatur perpajakan yang mampu dan bersih, sama dengan ease of administration and efficiency
7. Semua jenis pungutan dan pajak harus didasarkan atas peraturan perundang-undangan, sama dengan asas yuridis
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